Protecting the environment and natural resources using …
Copper slag (CS) is a byproduct of the pure copper smelting and refining (Sharifi et al., 2020a, Shi et al., 2008); 1 ton of pure copper yields about 2.2–3 tons of CS (Al-Jabri et al., 2009a), causing nearly 30 million tons CS to be annually produced and preserved around the related factories or released into the nature (Shen and Forssberg, 2003, Guo et al., 2018).
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